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Effective date: 27-12-2025

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Energy saving if electric type of water heater replaced by gas heater

A facility uses 150 KL/Yr of hot water. If the hot water is set at 55 degree C and the input water averages 20 degree C, What is the annual energy required to heat the water?

Calculate the annual operating cost if the water is heated by an electric heater (Efficiency=0.90), and a gas water heater efficiency = 0.70. Electricity cost is Rs. 7/Kwh and gas is Rs. 1/Kwh.

Q = m x Cp x Delta T

    = 150000 L/Yr x 1 Kg/L x 4.186 KJ/degree C-Kg x 35 degree C

    

    = 21976500 KJ/Yr

Kwh/Yr = 21976500/3600 = 6104.58 Kwh/Yr

For the electric water heater:

Operating Cost, Rs/Yr = 6104.58 Kwh/Yr x Rs. 7/ 0.90 = Rs.47480/Yr

For the gas water heater:

Operating Cost, Rs/Yr = 6104.58 Kwh/Yr x Rs. 1/ 0.70 = Rs.8720.82/Yr

Savings = 47480 - 8720 = Rs. 38760

Examples of the first law of thermodynamics

       1) A 1000 Watt electrical heater uses 1000 J/sec of electrical energy.  If it is 60% efficient, then the heater converts 60% of the electrical energy into heating water and 40% is wasted by being transformed into heat.

-Electric energy transformed into light and heat energy

-This is the law of the conservation of energy. It states that energy can neither be created, nor can it be destroyed. This means that the total amount of energy in the universe always remains conserved, or constant. However, energy can be changed from one form to another.

         2) When an exothermic reaction occurs some of the molecular enthalpy (energy in the molecules) of the system is converted into heat or light. This energy is then released by the system to the surroundings. The total energy of the system decreases, but the energy of the surroundings increases by the same amount.

 Energy (system) = - Energy (surroundings)

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Examples of the first law of thermodynamics

Examples of the second law of thermodynamics

A 1000 Watt electrical heater uses 1000 J/sec of electrical energy.  If it is 60% efficient, then the heater converts 60% of the electrical energy into heating water and 40% is wasted by being transformed into heat.

-The 60% efficiency (40% waste) increasing disorder.

-This is the law of increasing entropy. It states that the entropy of the universe increases with every physical process (change) that occurs. Entropy refers to the level of disorder, randomness, or chaos, of a system. The higher the randomness of a system, the higher its entropy. The more organized a system, the lower its entropy.

As a result of the second law of thermodynamics, no process requiring an energy conversion is ever 100% efficient because much of the energy is dispersed as heat, resulting in an increase in entropy. An automobile engine, which converts the chemical energy of gasoline to mechanical energy, is between 20 and 30% efficient. That is, only 20 to 30% of the original energy stored in the chemical bonds of the gasoline molecules is actually transformed into mechanical energy, or work.

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Examples of the second law of thermodynamics

Heat Exchangers and thermal conductivity

Heat Exchangers

Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat from one fluid to another without the fluids coming into contact. There are a wide variety of applications for heat exchangers, for example: radiators, air conditioning and power plants.

Mechanism of Heat Transfer by Conduction

The transfer of heat energy by conduction takes place within the boundaries of a system.

The rate equation which describes this mechanism is given by Fourier Law

Where    = rate of heat flow in X-direction by conduction in J/S or W,

k = thermal conductivity of the material. It quantitatively measures the heat conducting ability and is a physical property of t he material that depends upon the composition of the material, W/mK,

A = cross-sectional area normal to the direction of heat flow, m2,

dT/dx = temperature gradient at the section,

Thermal Conductivity of Materials

Thermal conductivity is a physical property of a substance and In general, It depends upon the temperature, pressure and nature of the substance. Thermal conductivity of materials are usually determined experimentally and a number of methods for this purpose are well known.

Thermal Conductivity of Gases:

According to the kinetic theory of gases, the heat transfer by conduction in gases at ordinary pressures and temperatures take place through the transport of the kinetic energy arising from the collision of the gas molecules. Thermal conductivity of gases depends on pressure when very low «2660 Pal or very high (> 2 × 109 Pa). Since the specific heat of gases Increases with temperature, the thermal conductivity Increases with temperature and with decreasing molecular weight.

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids:

The molecules of a liquid are more closely spaced and molecular force fields exert a strong influence on the energy exchange In the collision process. The mechanism of heat propagation in liquids can be conceived as transport of energy by way of unstable elastic oscillations. Since the density of liquids decreases with increasing temperature, the thermal conductivity of non-metallic liquids generally decreases with increasing temperature, except for liquids like water and alcohol because their thermal conductivity first Increases with increasing temperature and then decreases.

Thermal Conductivity of Solids:

(i)                 Metals and Alloys:

The heat transfer in metals arises due to a drift of free electrons (electron gas). This motion of electrons brings about the equalization in temperature at all points of t he metals. Since electrons carry both heat and electrical energy. The thermal conductivity of metals is proportional to its electrical conductivity and both the thermal and electrical conductivity decrease with increasing temperature. In contrast to pure metals, the thermal conductivity of alloys increases with increasing temperature. Heat transfer In metals is also possible through vibration of lattice structure or by elastic sound waves but this mode of heat transfer mechanism is insignificant in comparison with the transport of energy by electron gas.

(ii)               Nonmetals:

Materials having a high volumetric density have a high thermal conductivity but that will depend upon the structure of the material, its porosity and moisture content High volumetric density means less amount of air filling the pores of the materials. The thermal conductivity of damp materials considerably higher than the thermal conductivity of dry material because water has a higher thermal conductivity than air. The thermal conductivity of granular material increases with temperature.

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Heat Exchangers and thermal conductivity

Heat transfer basic

Heat Energy and Heat Transfer

Heat is a form of energy in transition and it flows from one system to another, without transfer of mass, whenever there is a temperature difference between the systems. The process of heat transfer means the exchange in internal energy between the systems and in almost every phase of scientific and engineering work processes, we encounter the flow of heat energy. 

Modes of Heat Transfer

The heat transfer processes have been categorized into three basic modes: Conduction, Convection and Radiation.

Conduction – 

It is the energy transfer from the more energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to interaction between them, a microscopic activity.

 Heat Transfer by conduction = Qx =-k dt/dx  w/m2

Convection - 

  It is the energy transfer due to random molecular motion a long with the macroscopic motion of the fluid particles. 

Heat transfer by convection = Q = hc x A x (Tfluid-Tobject)

Radiation - 

It is the energy emitted by matter which is at finite temperature. All forms of matter emit radiation attributed to changes m the electron configuration of the constituent atoms or molecules The transfer of energy by conduction and convection requires the presence of a material medium whereas radiation does not. In fact radiation transfer is most efficient in vacuum.

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Heat transfer basic

Work and energy basic

Work is the scalar product of the force acting on an object and the displacement through which it acts. When work is done on or by a system, the energy of that system is always changed. If work is done slowly, we say that the power level is low. If work is done quickly, the power level is high. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion, and potential energy is the energy an object has because of its location or configuration. If the energy of a system remains constant throughout a process, we say that energy is conserved.

Simple form: work = force x distance

                           W = F x d

Work is a measure of expended energy.


Work makes you tired.

Machines make work easy (ramps, levers, etc.)

Apply less force over larger distance for same work.

basics of thermodynamics

Please click on the link and enjoy this awesome page

-basics of thermodynamics-part-1

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-basics of thermodynamics-part-11

-What is the example of the First Law of Thermodynamics?

-What is the example of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

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